What does this cost in your state?
California is the costliest state and Arkansas the cheapest; each square shows that state's midpoint of the estimate.
Lower-cost states ($561)MiddleHigher-cost states ($714)
What it shows: CA is the highest at $714 and AR the lowest at $561, across 51 states.
Counts below are complaints filed with NHTSA, not failure rates: a longer bar means more owners reported it.
Is your car affected?
Is it urgent, and what do owners notice first?
826 owner complaints name this part.
Owners say the dealer could not fix or repeat the problem. If it comes back after a repair, ask what was tested before you pay again.
Which trouble codes do owners report?
P0300 Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected leads at 31.
The code owners quote most is P0300. Read your own code from a scan and give the shop the exact code, not only "the light is on".
What do owners say it led to?
Among the 826 owner complaints naming this part, owners most often say loss of power followed.
What owners say happened after the problem. Loss of power: 44 (5%); Engine damage: 32 (4%); Stalled while driving: 6 (1%).
If your car shows the signs above, get it checked before it gets as far as loss of power.
Which other parts do owners name in the same complaint?
Among the 826 owner complaints naming this part, fuel injector is named in 4% of them, more than any other part.
Other parts named in the same complaints. Fuel injector: 4%; Catalytic converter: 3%.
Owners name the fuel injector most often in the same complaint, which is not proof that one caused the other. Ask the shop whether it checked the fuel injector too, so you are not quoted twice for one visit.
How fast were owners driving when it happened?
55 mph or faster leads at 34%.
Owners reported it most often at highway speed. Tell the shop what speed it happens at, because that narrows the diagnosis.
How serious did it get for owners?
Among the 826 owner complaints naming this part, being towed is the outcome owners report most often.
What it shows: Towed is the largest at 58, followed by Injury reported at 17; the smallest shown is Death reported at 2.
Which model years show up most in the complaints?
Among the 826 owner complaints naming this part that state a model year, complaints cluster in a few model years instead of spreading evenly.
What it shows: 2018 is the largest at 145 (18%), followed by 2015 at 121 (15%); the smallest shown is 2025 at 13 (2%).
Which engine sizes show up most in complaints about this part?
Among 814 owner complaints about this part where the VIN identifies the vehicle, 19% involve engines of under 1.6 L, against 11% of complaints about all the parts we track.
What it shows: 2.1 to 3.0 L is the largest at 29%, followed by 1.6 to 2.0 L at 19%; the smallest shown is 4.1 to 5.0 L at 3%.
Do engine control module replacement problems track registered cars and trucks per resident across states?
Across U.S. states, NHTSA owner complaints about engine control module replacement run higher where registered cars and trucks per resident is higher, after adjusting for the makes sold in each state. This is an association across states, not proof that registered cars and trucks per resident causes this repair.
How to read it: Each dot is a state. Further right means more registered cars and trucks per resident; higher up means more complaints for this repair than expected (1.0 is average). If the dots climb to the right, reports of this repair rise with registered cars and trucks per resident.
What it shows: States with more registered cars and trucks per resident tend to sit higher on the chart across 29 states: a pattern in the data, not proof of cause.
- The 9 states with the most registered cars and trucks per resident (Iowa, Alabama, Kentucky, Michigan, South Carolina, Louisiana, Oregon, New Hampshire, Tennessee): reports of this repair run 35% above what the makes sold there would predict, and 7 of 9 are above expected. The 9 with the least (New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Texas, California, Maryland, Illinois, North Carolina, Nevada): 5% above, and 4 of 9 are above expected.
- Exceptions: Michigan and Tennessee are among the highest in registered cars and trucks per resident but report below expected; Illinois (34% above expected) and Nevada (43% above expected) are among the lowest but above expected.
- Split the states into thirds: the third with the least registered cars and trucks per resident runs 3% above what the makes sold there would predict, the middle third 5% above, and the third with the most 35% above. Most of the registered cars and trucks per resident effect sits in the third with the most.
- For registered cars and trucks per resident, after allowing for the 1562 comparisons we ran, luck alone would produce a pattern this strong about 1 time in 7. Take out any single state and the registered cars and trucks per resident pattern still holds.
- Weak spot: compare only states with similar vehicle miles driven per lane-mile of public road and the pattern keeps about 25% of its strength, so part of it may come from vehicle miles driven per lane-mile of public road instead of registered cars and trucks per resident.
More registered vehicles per resident means more cars on the road and more older vehicles kept in service.
Has the replacement part I am buying been recalled?
NHTSA lists 3 equipment recalls coded to this part since 2015 (engine and vehicle speed control), covering 20,509 items sold as parts rather than whole vehicles; the largest, by Cummins, Inc. in 2022, covered 12,196.
| Year | Maker and product | NHTSA component | Defect | Items |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Cummins, Inc.: L9, X12 | engine engine control module. | certain X15, X12, L9, and B6.7 diesel engines. | 12,196 |
| 2022 | Power Solutions International, Inc.: Obd Hd Engines | engine engine control module. | Power Solutions International, Inc. (PSI)has submitted a Defect Information Report based upon recall. | 8,046 |
| 2021 | Cummins, Inc.: B6.7n | engine engine control module. | certain Cummins Westport Inc. B6.7N natural gas engines (part number D1H3001BX03) equipped with certain. | 267 |
Has this part been recalled abroad on cars that may share it?
Manufacturers filed 44 foreign recall campaigns that name engine control with NHTSA since 2015 (matched by the filing text); the latest, from Chrysler (FCA US in 2025-10.
| Filed | Manufacturer | Foreign recall no. | What the filing says |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-11 | General Motors | 264 | The fuel pump power control modules in these vehicles may exhibit a condition that can cause the fuel pump to fail or operate intermittently if exposed to excess moisture. |
| 2023-10 | General Motors | 209 | The fuel pump power control modules in these vehicles may contain a condition that can cause the fuel pump to fail or operate intermittently if exposed to excess moisture. |
| 2023-10 | Toyota Motor Corporation | 205 | Enclosures Foreign Safety Recall Report Date: October 18, 2023 Foreign Safety Recall / Other Safety Campaign Report Subject: 8AR engine control module issue on certain Toyota Highlander and Lexus RX vehicles 1. |
| 2024-07 | Mazda Motor. | 176 | Yours sincerely, Joshua Vella Director, Quality Assurance/Vehicle Safety Office Mazda North American Operations Mazda North American Operations 200 Spectrum Center Drive, Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92618 T (949) 727-1990 Page 2 Foreign Safety Recall/Other Safety. |
| 2025-10 | Chrysler (FCA US) | 158 | Date of Report: 10/01/2025 Determined by: Manufacturer's Name - Brand Name FCA Brazil - Jeep Report Type Quality Field Action Identification of Affected Vehicles: Model Year(s) Inclusive Dates of Affected Start End Manufacture Model Population Make(s) Model(s). |
| 2023-08 | Isuzu Motors Limited | 156 | 573.6 (c)(1) ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED Vehicle Manufacturer: 1-2-5 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 220-8720, Japan Subject Component: Engine Control Module (ECM) PN: 8982045183 8982876870 8983669910 8981189307 8982067616 8983328741. |
| 2024-05 | Mazda Motor. | 108 | Yours sincerely, Joshua Vella Director, Quality Assurance/Vehicle Safety Office Mazda North American Operations Mazda North American Operations 200 Spectrum Center Drive, Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92618 T (949) 727-1990 Page 2 Foreign Safety Recall/Other Safety. |
| 2024-05 | Mazda Motor. | 107 | Yours sincerely, Joshua Vella Director, Quality Assurance & Vehicle Safety Office Mazda North American Operations Mazda North American Operations 200 Spectrum Center Drive, Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92618 T (949) 727-1990 Page 2 Foreign Safety Recall/Other Safety. |
How many recalled cars are actually fixed, so should I check mine?
Across 14 NHTSA recalls coded to this part filed 2015 to 2024, 88.3% of the 188,931 recalled vehicles had been repaired after 8 quarters, against 66.2% for all recalls, which leaves about 22,017 vehicles still carrying the defect.
| Year | Vehicles | Recalled vehicles | Repaired | Component |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Bmw X6, 740xi | 105,588 | 87.1% | engine engine control module. |
| 2022 | Volvo S90, Xc90 | 15,674 | 100.0% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Infiniti Q50, Q60 | 12,943 | 95.8% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Porsche Taycan | 10,373 | 90.6% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Mercedes-Benz S 580 | 8,669 | 96.8% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Toyota Prius Prime, Prius | 8,411 | 96.7% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid, Murano Hybrid; | 7,634 | 63.6% | engine engine control module. |
| 2021 | Nissan Rogue | 5,905 | 72.7% | engine engine control module. |
If this part was recalled, is the repair free?
Federal law (49 U.S.C. 30120) requires a maker to fix a recalled defect without charge for cars first bought within 15 calendar years (tires within 5), and NHTSA lists 19 recall campaigns for parts matched to a engine control module replacement since model year 2015, covering about 1,045,795 vehicles.
| Rule or count | What it says |
|---|---|
| Age limits | The free-remedy duty does not apply to a car first bought more than 15 calendar years, or a tire first bought more than 5 calendar years, before the recall notice. |
| Failure to fix | A repair not done adequately within 60 days of presentation is prima facie evidence of failure to repair within a reasonable time; the maker must then replace the vehicle or refund the purchase price less depreciation. |
| Free remedy | A maker must fix a recall defect without charge. |
| NHTSA recalls matched to a engine control module replacement since model year 2015 | 19 recall campaigns covering about 1,045,795 vehicles |
Can an independent shop get the same diagnostic data as the dealer?
Massachusetts requires car makers to sell owners and independent shops the same diagnostic and repair information they give dealers for model year 2002 and later, Maine added a standardized owner-authorized data platform from January 5, 2025, and the FTC reported to Congress in 2021 on how repair restrictions raise costs and limit choice.
| Where | Rule or report | What it requires or found |
|---|---|---|
| Federal | FTC report to Congress, May 2021 | Congress directed the FTC to examine how car and phone makers may limit repairs by consumers and repair shops and how those limits increase costs and limit choice. |
| Maine | 29-A M.R.S.A. 1810 (in force January 2025) | Since January 5, 2025, makers of vehicles with telematics sold in Maine must provide a standardized, owner-authorized access platform; owners can let an independent shop read the vehicle mechanical data. |
| Massachusetts | M.G.L. c.93K s.2 | Car makers selling in Massachusetts must sell owners and independent shops the same diagnostic and repair information they give their dealers (model year 2002 and later). |
| NCSL 2023 session list | Automotive right-to-repair bills | NCSL lists two Maine automotive right-to-repair measures in its 2023 session summary (H 1227 and IB 3), shown as pending. |
Is it recalled or covered?
| Recall number | Vehicles | Cars recalled | What the recall says |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21V-264 | Subaru Crosstrek 2018–2019; Subaru Impreza 2017–2019 | 466,205 | A short circuit in the ignition coils may cause a stall, increasing the risk of a crash. |
| 26V-081 | Nissan Rogue 2024–2025 | 318,782 | Broken throttle body gears can cause a loss of drive power, increasing the risk of a crash. |
| 24V-576 | BMW X6 2020; BMW 740xi 2020–2021; BMW 840xi 2020 and 5 more | 105,588 | A starter motor that overheats can ignite nearby combustible material in the engine compartment, increasing the risk of a fire. |
| 24V-815 | Mazda CX-90 2024; Mazda CX-70 2025 | 31,488 | Loss of drive power increases the risk of a crash. |
| 24V-704 | Mercedes-Benz S 580 2021–2023 | 27,190 | An engine stall can increase the risk of a crash. |
| 22V-793 | Volvo S90 2022–2023; Volvo XC90 2022–2023; Volvo XC60 2022–2023 and 2 more | 15,674 | The vehicle may lose drive power as the high voltage battery is depleted, increasing the risk of a crash. |
| 25V-508 | Nissan Frontier 2025 | 13,719 | Daytime running lights that dim unexpectedly may cause confusion to other vehicles or pedestrians, increasing the risk of a crash. |
| 21V-234 | Infiniti Q50 2021; Infiniti Q60 2021 | 12,943 | A lack of fuel may cause an engine stall, increasing the risk of a crash. |
11 more recalls name this part, on smaller fleets. The car finder at the top checks yours.
A bulletin is a repair procedure a maker sends its dealers, not a safety defect: if your maker is listed, ask the dealer whether one covers your car and quote its number.
| Maker | Vehicles | Bulletin number | Date | What it says |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyundai | Tucson 2016–2021 | 26-EM-014H TSB | Sep 16, 2026 | Some Tucson (TL) vehicles equipped with a 2.0L engine may exhibit a continued DTC P132600 after an ECM logic update has been performed per TSB 24-01-068H, Engine Monitoring Logic (Service Campaign 966). |
| Subaru | Ascent 2019–2022 | 09-98-22R | Aug 31, 2026 | This bulletin announces the availability of new reprograming files for the Engine Control Module (ECM) developed to remedy the following DTCs: P0016, P0017, P0018, P0019, P0014, P0024, P0128, P2109. |
| RAM | 1500 2025 | 18-077-26 | Aug 19, 2026 | Flash: Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Updates Customers may experience a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) illumination and the vehicle may SYMPTOM: Exhibit/set the following Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC): P0300 - Multiple Cylinder Misfire. |
| KIA | Stinger 2022–2023 | SC369_TSB | Jul 24, 2026 | Technical service bulletin: Voluntary emissions service campaign: THETA III 2.5L t-gdi ecm software logic improvement (SC369) - This bulletin provides information to upgrade the engine control module (ECM) software to improve combustion stability. |
| Jeep | Grand Wagoneer 2026 | 18-074-26 | Jul 24, 2026 | Flash: Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Updates Customers must experience a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) illumination and the vehicle must SYMPTOM: Exhibit/set one or more of the following Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): P2AF6-00 - Starter Relay 3 Stuck. |
| RAM | 1500 2026 | 18-075-26 | Jul 24, 2026 | Flash: Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Updates Customers must experience a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) illumination and the vehicle must SYMPTOM: Exhibit/set one or more of the following Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): **P0111-00 - Intake Air. |
53 more bulletins name this part; the car finder at the top checks yours, and the NHTSA bulletin file linked below lists them all.
Manufacturer warranty extensions naming this part (6)
| Maker | Vehicles | Date | Notice number | What the maker extended |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volkswagen | Atlas 2020–2021; Atlas Cross Sport 2020–2021 | Jan 4, 2024 | VWP-23 | Engine control module software update. |
| Hyundai | Sonata 2015–2019 | Jul 1, 2023 | 23-FL-004H | Fuel pump filter assembly failure causing reduced power or no-start. |
| Nissan | Altima 2010–2012 | Apr 9, 2020 | R1720 2010-12 Al | Front exhaust tube emissions warranty with DTC. |
| Honda | Accord Hybrid 2006–2007 | Jul 16, 2018 | A18-022 | Catalytic converter efficiency fault causing MIL illumination with DTC P0420. |
| Ford | Escape 2011–2014; F-250 SD 2011–2014; F-350 SD 2011–2014 and 2 more | Feb 6, 2015 | CSP-14N02 | ABS speed signal communication loss disabling OBDII monitors requiring PCM. |
1 more extension notices name this part: Lincoln. Ask the dealer whether one covers your car.
What do owners say?
4 complaints quoted word for word, each with its NHTSA number.
Dealer reflashed ECM and used a borescope, claiming a metal piece on a piston was "unrelated to the recall." They refused to inspect the bearings per protocol and demanded $8,000 for repair without a diagnostic breakdown.
I had to pay over $2000 to have the fuel pump replaced, ECM reprogrammed.
The Subaru dealer then suggested the problem might be the ECM and they charged us $203 for a software update.
Dealer confirmation: The problem has been diagnosed and confirmed by an authorized Ford dealer, who quoted approximately $2,800 for repair (torque converter replacement and PCM reprogram).
Check your car
Engine control module replacement cost comes to $400–$890 in our calculator for a midsize or import car with a new aftermarket module at a $120-an-hour shop. That's our estimate, not a quote. Pick an OEM part and it climbs to $770–$1,440. Pick a remanufactured one and it drops to $320–$740.
Those numbers don't agree because they're pricing different jobs. This page sorts out which job you're being quoted, and it starts with the one thing that matters more than price: if your car stalls or loses power while you drive, don't wait on a quote.
Use the calculator above to set your vehicle type, part grade and shop type, then read on for what to ask before you say yes.
How much is the typical engine control module replacement cost?
Our calculator's default lands at $400–$890 (new aftermarket ECM, midsize/import, $120/hr shop). Change one setting at a time and the range moves like this:
| What you change | Estimate |
|---|---|
| Economy car (Civic, Corolla, Focus) | $320–$740 |
| SUV / truck (Tahoe, Ram 1500, 4Runner) | $470–$1,040 |
| Luxury / performance (BMW, Mercedes, Corvette) | $620–$1,140 |
| Remanufactured / rebuilt module | $320–$740 |
| OEM / dealer original module | $770–$1,440 |
| Independent shop (~$100/hr) | $380–$850 |
| Dealership (~$175/hr) | $455–$1,000 |
| Dealer/shop flash needed | $510–$1,160 |
Part grade moves engine control module replacement cost the most. Shop type matters less: the dealership-to-independent gap is about $75 at the low end and $150 at the high end.
The programming line is the one people miss. A replacement module usually has to be matched to your car, and that flash is a real line on the ticket. Ask whether it's included. If a quote lists a module and labor but no programming, ask who does it and what it costs.
Technician pay drives the hourly rate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics describes what the job involves and pays, and that labor side is why the same module costs more in a high-rate city.
Why do other sites quote such different engine control module replacement cost figures?
Five sources we checked disagree by a factor of eight. Here's what each one says, and it's their opinion, not our data:
| Source | Published figure |
|---|---|
| Carcomputerexchange.com (remanufactured, VIN-programmed) | $250–$600 |
| PartCatalog | $400–$1,200 |
| CarParts.com | |
| RepairPal | |
| WJBF / iSeeCars |
The low end is a remanufactured unit with programming included. The high end is a premium or diesel vehicle, or an OEM module from a dealer. RepairPal's parts band is narrow because it prices one part grade. None of these say which vehicle they're pricing, so a figure that's right for a Civic can be wrong for an F-150.
The fix is to price your own car. Set vehicle type, part grade and shop type in the calculator, then compare the shop's quote against that range.
Is it safe to drive with a failing ECM?
A third of owners describe the car losing power. Across 2,001 NHTSA complaints that name this part, 33% mention the vehicle stalling or losing power. Owners also reported 301 cases of lost power, 57 stalls while driving and 14 cases of lost steering or braking.
Speed is what makes that serious. Of the 965 complaints that gave a speed, 38% were at 55 mph or faster, and the midpoint was 40 mph. On the NHTSA form, owners reported 47 crashes, 12 fires, 49 injuries and 2 deaths. About 6% of the 2,001 checked "vehicle towed."
One thing to keep in mind: these are owners' own reports, not lab results, and a complaint doesn't prove the module was the cause. A count isn't a failure rate either. It does tell you what people ran into.
So sort your situation this way:
- Stop driving: the engine cuts out at speed, the car won't hold power on a hill, or a warning light comes with stalling.
- Get it checked this week: a warning light with no other symptom. Warning lights show up in 37% of complaints.
- You have time to shop around: the car runs normally and you're pricing a repair someone suggested.
If the light is on and you're not sure why, a car diagnostic is the cheap first step, and it's worth doing before agreeing to a module.
Can a reprogram beat engine control module replacement cost?
Owners in NHTSA records describe both, and the price gap is large. A 2018 Hyundai Sonata owner wrote: "ECM was reset and software updated for $233 which they said fixed the problem." (complaint #11517481). Engine control module replacement cost can be ten times the reflash price.
Manufacturers publish fixes for this. Our data shows 3,653 technical service bulletins address this part, many of them software updates. CarParts.com says software problems can usually be fixed by reprogramming the ECM rather than replacing it.
A reflash isn't a guarantee. In 24% of the 2,001 complaints, owners said the dealer couldn't fix it or the repair had to be repeated. A 2020 Nissan Pathfinder owner was offered an update "to possibly diagnose the problem," at $150 with "no guarantee of any results" (complaint #11564191).
The question to ask: "Is there a service bulletin or software update for my exact car and symptom, and did you try it before recommending a new module?" A good shop can answer that in one sentence.
One more pattern worth knowing. The transmission control module is named alongside the engine module in 8.9% (178) of these complaints, which is far more often than chance. If your car shifts oddly as well as stalling, a quote may need both, and the transmission control module replacement price adds to the total.
How can you cut engine control module replacement cost?
These levers cut engine control module replacement cost the most, in order of what they save:
- Ask for a reflash or update first. The $233 reflash above is the cheapest outcome. Ask if one exists for your car.
- Price a remanufactured module. It's $320–$740 at the default settings, against $770–$1,440 for OEM.
- Get a second quote from an independent shop. $380–$850 in our estimate, versus $455–$1,000 at a dealership.
- Ask for the diagnostic result in writing. If they've tested the wiring, grounds and power to the module, they can show you.
- Get the old module back. A shop that's replaced it will hand it over.
If the quote is well above the range for your vehicle type, ask what else is on the ticket.
What should you do next?
Engine control module replacement cost only makes sense once you know which job you're being quoted.
- Today: if the car stalls or loses power, stop driving it. If it just shows a light, book a diagnostic this week.
- Before you pay: check your VIN for recalls and ask the dealer about warranty extensions.
- At the shop: ask whether a software update was tried, whether programming is included, and to see the test result.
Run the numbers for your own car in the calculator, then compare them with the quote in your hand. The methodology page explains how we calculate and where the numbers come from.
Frequently asked questions
What is the average engine control module replacement cost?
Most cars run $400–$890 in our estimate, for a new aftermarket module at a $120/hr shop. The full range across our settings is $320–$1,440, depending on vehicle type, part grade and shop.
Is ECM replacement worth it?
Sometimes. If the module has failed a proper test and the car stalls, yes. But a $233 reflash fixed one owner's problem, so ask about software updates before agreeing to a new unit.
Can you drive with a bad ECM?
Not safely if the car stalls or loses power. 33% of 2,001 NHTSA complaints mention stalling or power loss, and 38% of those with a speed were at 55 mph or faster.
Do you need to program a new ECM?
Usually a replacement has to be matched to your car. In our calculator, adding a dealer or shop flash moves the default to $510–$1,160. Ask if it's in the quote.
Is the ECM the same as the PCM?
Many cars use the terms interchangeably. A PCM often handles the engine and the transmission together, which is why some quotes include both. Ask the shop which module they mean.
Will a recall or warranty pay for it?
It might. There are 47 recalls and 12 warranty extensions tied to this part. Check your VIN for free before you pay.
Sources
Data shown on this page
- NHTSA owner complaint file (2015-2019 · 2020-2024 · 2025-2026) file downloaded 2026-10-05
- NHTSA recall file file downloaded 2026-10-05
- NHTSA service bulletin file (2015-2019 · 2020-2024 · 2025-2026) file downloaded 2026-10-05
- CalcScrape calculator model scaled by BEA Regional Price Parities data from 2024
- NHTSA owner complaint files with VINs decoded by NHTSA vPIC data from 2025
- FHWA Highway Statistics 2023 Table MV-1 with Census 2023 population, joined to NHTSA owner complaints file downloaded 2026-10-06
- NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation, Foreign Campaigns (filings under 49 CFR 579.11, public API) file downloaded 2026-10-05
- NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation, recall quarterly reports (basis of the Annual List of Recall Completion Rates) file downloaded 2026-10-05
- 49 U.S.C. 30120 (Remedies for defects and noncompliance), text via Cornell Legal Information Institute; NHTSA recall campaigns data from 2026
- Massachusetts General Laws c.93K s.2; Maine Secretary of State right-to-repair notice (29-A MRSA 1810); FTC report to Congress "Nixing the Fix" (May 2021 release); NCSL Right to Repair 2023 Legislation data from 2025
Terms: US government data, public domain.
Observed: records as filed; owner reports are unverified and are not failure rates. Modeled: our estimate, not a quote. Derived: computed from the records; an association, not a cause. Rule: a published legal rule, not a measurement; whether it covers a given repair depends on the car and the facts.
Owner complaints quoted
Other sources
What is our own estimate
The price range comes from our calculator's formula. Its parts prices, labor hours per job and shop-rate tiers are CalcScrape estimates, not a published price dataset. Checked against RepairPal's range ($1,122–$1,192) on 2026-10-06: our default's midpoint is 0% below the middle of that range. Methodology